一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）

主语 subject

谓语 predicate

宾语 object

宾语补足语 object complement

表语 predictive

定语 attributive

状语 adverbial

WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts.

 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.

以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。

英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）

I．八大成分的概念和构成

1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。

If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.

不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。

The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.

成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。

充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见）                 

形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）

2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。

I have a dream.

You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.

所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。

谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）

3．宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。

You don’t find opportunities…you make them.

你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。

You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.

如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。

充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式       

形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）

4．表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)

Time is money.

Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.

你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。

构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词

11）名词从句

5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）

构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语

9）副词小品词10）名词从句

主语补语

Tom was made monitor.

宾语补语

I made Tom monitor.

表语补语

I am sure to succeed.

First comes spring, then summer.

I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.

3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。

Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.

英语句子成分歌

英语句子八呀八大块，             主谓宾表真呀真实在；

补语跟着宾语表语跑，             定语同位（语）专把名词踹。

状语的位置它自由自在，            忽右忽左随心所欲摆。

浑身的毛病真呀真不少，            前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）

II．成分关系

1．补语跟着宾语表语跑：

补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。

To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）

We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）

爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。

2．定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：

定语，同位语修饰名词性形式

Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）

They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）

1）反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？)

/ Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)

2）祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。

Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语)

/ You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)

3）主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。

如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。)

/ Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)

4）主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。

Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。)

/ The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)

二、不定式

一、作主语 

不定式作主语 

动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： 

(1)把不定式置于句首。如： 

To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 

(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：

①It＋be＋名词＋to do 

It's our duty to take good care of the old. 

②It takes sb+some time+to do 

How long did it take you to finish the work?

不定式作宾语 

①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, 

manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，

这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如： 

I decided to ask for my money back. 

I decided that I would ask for my money back.

When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. 

When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，

即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如： 

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.

He feels it his duty to help the poor. 

③介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 

在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，

即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如： 

The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. 

On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV

It is +adj.+ to do sth 句型

It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. 

④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do 

It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. 

⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do 

It seemed impossible to save money.

在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,

impossible,necessary 等；

在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,

stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。

这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，

如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.

=You are kind to helpme with my English.

以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。

I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)

Show us what to do. (=what we must do)

I don’t know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if）

4..不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,

构成"主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式"

He found it very difficult to get to sleep. 

他发现很难入睡.

注意：常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。

句型四： 形容词+ to do sth

 of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，

常用brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,

modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词

It is wise of you not to agree with you.

It is generous of him to lend me his car,

不定式作状语 

⒈作目的状语

(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen. 

②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be answer. 

The room is really comfortable to live in. 

常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 

⒉作结果状语 

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 

不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： 

①so…as to;such…as to 

I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 

I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. 

②enough…to 

The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. 

③only to 

Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. 

④too…to 

I'm too tired to stay up longer. 

但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如： 

①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。

（too修饰glad to have…，相当 于very） 

②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。

too....to 的用法

一、too... to... 的意义

too... to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意义上却是否定的，表示"太……而不能……"。

too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to 的后面接动词原形。too... to...句型是简单句。

例如：

He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小，不能参军。

二、动词不定式的逻辑主语

动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时，

需要在动词不定式前加上一个逻辑主语(常用for sb.)。例如：

The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。

三、too... to... 结构表达肯定的意义

1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词，如: not, never, nothing等时，

too... to... 结构不表示否定的意义。例如：

It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)

2. 如果在too... to...这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义，

反而加强了too的肯定语气，only too 相当于very 或very much。例如：

I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我将极其高兴。

3. too后接表示感情的形容词，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时，

too... to...句型不再表示否定意义，而表示的是肯定意义。例如：

He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。

四、too... to... 结构与enough...to... 结构及so... that...结构的相互转换

1. 将too...to...结构转换为enough... to... 结构时，要注意：

(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词；

(2) enough... to... 句式须用否定式；

(3) too... to...结构有逻辑主语时，

enough... to... 结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如：

She is too young to do the work. = She isn't old enough to do the work.

The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isn't easy

enough for him to work out.

2. 将too...to...结构转换为so... that... 结构时，要注意：

(1) so... that... 结构是复合句，so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，that的后面接从句。

(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如：

She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can't go to school.

请同学们做做下列中考题，以便检验你对too... to...用法的掌握情况。

2. b. so, that c. too, for me to

3. b. so, that

不定式作定语 

不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： 

①The next train to arrive is from Washington. 

②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? 

③Do you have anything to say on the question? 

④Would you please give me some paper to write on? 

⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 

不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： 

(1)表示将来的动作（例①）。 

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。 

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，

尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，

则需用被动语态（例②）。 

(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。

作宾语补足语 

一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，

这时意思才相对完整。 

(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），

encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,

teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： 

①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? 

②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.

(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，

如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,

think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。 

①We all believe John(to be)honest. 

②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 

但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. 

不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： 

①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. 

②The young university student is considered to have great promise.

⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： 

To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 

常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），

to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；

①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. 

②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. 

③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.

⒉动名词作主语 

Learning without practice is no good. 

动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如： 

①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing… 

It's no good reading in dim light. 

It's no use sitting here waiting. 

②It's＋形容词＋doing 

It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 

这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，

应用不定式 代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit. 

③There is no+doing 

There is no saying what will happen next. 

在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。 

⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 

①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；

而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： 

It's no good eating too much fat. 

It's no good for you to eat so much fat. 

②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： 

It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.

二、作宾语 

⒉动名词作宾语 

①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,

keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,

insist,on, put off等。如： 

I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. 

You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 

②动名词作介词的宾语 

I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. 

What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 

动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,

lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。 

⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,

start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。 

在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，

如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved).

hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，

接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： 

①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee. 

②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，

如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.

③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to

 understand what was happening. 

⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，

或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： 

Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake. 

Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake. 

⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： 

Don't forget fo post the letter for me. 

Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? 

Remember to close the windows before you leave. 

I remember writing him a letter a year ago. 

We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. 

They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 

②mean to do 打算做某事 

doing 意味着…… 

I meant to catch up with the early bus. 

This means wasting a lot of money. 

③try to do 设法尽力做某事 

doing 试着做某事 

You should try to overcome your shortcomings. 

Try working out the physics problem in another way. 

④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） 

doing 停止做某事 

On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. 

You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told. 

⑤can't help doing 禁不住…… 

to do不能帮助干…… 

They couldn't help jumping up at the news. 

Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you. 

⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 

doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续 

He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 

We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.

⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语） 

doing停下某事 

It's time to leave off talking and to start acting. 

They left off to go fishing. 

三、做表语 

动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，

一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等

为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），

不定 式说明主语的内容。 

④Our work is serving the people. 

⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. 

⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 

④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,

而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，

另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 

四、作定语 

动名词作定语 

①This passage can be used as listening materials. 

②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. 

③All moving bodies have energy. 

①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，

单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，

分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。

如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.

动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 

⒈疑问词＋不定式结构 

疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，

在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如： 

①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. 

②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. 

③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. 

④The question was where to get the medicine needed. 

以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。

如：①When we shall leave… 

③…how I could learn…

经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,

hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。 

⒉动词不定式的时态、语态 

(1)时态 

①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： 

I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后） 

We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） 

②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： 

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. 

We are too young to have seen the old society. 

③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如： 

The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in. 

They seemed to be discussing something important. 

(2)语态 

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，

不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如： 

It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语） 

It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） 

I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）

Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） 

He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语） 

在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。

如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).

但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，

如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.)

There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) 

⒊动名词的时态、语态 

(1)时态 

①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，

或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如： 

We are interested in collecting stamps. 

I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.

We are not afraid of dying. 

②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： 

Lmagine having travelled on the moon. 

We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 

(2)被动语态 

①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，

动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如： 

The young man came in without being noticed. 

He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. 

②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如： 

The bike needs repairing. 

If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 

⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用"to"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如： 

①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall? 

—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time. 

②—Would you like to come to a party? 

—I'd love to. 

③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you? 

—I'll try not to. 

④—Try to be back by 12,won't you? 

—OK,I'll try. 

另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。 

⒌在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如： 

Why spend such a lot of money? 

Why not wait for a couple of days? 

⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如： 

It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice. 

⒎"to"在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如： 

devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），

take to（养 成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。

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